Scapaniaceae

Terrestrial or lithophytic, autoicous (not in Victoria), paroicous or dioicous (not in Victoria). Asexual reproduction by 1–5-celled gemmae formed in chains from margins and surfaces (not in Victoria) of leaves near stem apex. Stems erect (not in Victoria) or prostrate, sparingly branched, with two ranks of lateral leaves; branches emerging from main stem from the axil of unmodified lateral leaves and with or rarely without (not in Victoria) a collar of tissue at base or (not in Victoria) rarely from beside lateral leaves with a single lobe and without a collar of tissue at base. Lateral leaves bilobed and folded along the line of division to form a round and sometimes (not in Victoria) winged keel, so that a smaller adaxial lobule lies over the abaxial larger lobe or lobes divergent giving shoot 4-ranked appearance (not in Victora), or (not in Victoria) with 2–4 triangular lobes and not conspicuously folded, succubous at abaxial attachment to transverse throughout, distant (not in Victoria) to imbricate; abaxial lobe when present unlobed, obovate-oblong, ovate (not in Victoria), orbicular (not in Victoria) or lingulate-falcate to lanceolate (not in Victoria), denticulate or entire (not in Victoria), with rounded, truncate, acute or apiculate apex, sometimes squarrose (not in Victoria); adaxial lobule when present unlobed, lingulate-falcate, orbicular (not in Victoria) to ovate, obovate or lanceolate (not in Victoria), smaller than to subequal to (not in Victoria) lobe, sheathing stem at base or not, denticulate or entire (not in Victoria), not appressed to lobe, sometimes squarrose (not in Victoria), with rounded, truncate, acute or apiculate apex. Underleaves absent or rarely present at stem apices and lanceolate (not in Victoria). Leaf cells quadrate to polygonal and isodiametric or rectangular, rectangular or elongate-polygonal in sheathing base, sometimes becoming abruptly more elongate along the centre of lobe and lobule forming a vitta (not in Victoria), smooth (not in Victoria) or pluripapillose, firm- or thick-walled especially toward margins, without trigones or with distinct trigones (not in Victoria), unistratose or multistratose near base (not in Victoria), with 1–40 oil bodies except in marginal cells where often absent; oil bodies ellipsoid or spherical, appearing papillose due to segmentation, grey. Rhizoids scattered on abaxial stem or fascicled at leaf bases (not in Victoria), hyaline. Androecium immediately below female bracts and sporophyte on main stem, intercalary (not in Victoria), or on short branches below female structures (not in Victoria), with 2–8 pairs of leaf-like or ventricose and sometimes squarrose bracts, each with 1–7 antheridia. Sporophyte terminating main stem and branches, developing in a perianth, occasionally with two developing in the one perianth; perianth ellipsoid to ovoid, dorsiventrally flattened, sometimes weakly so, exserted beyond bracts, sometimes becoming plicate toward apex, with dentate, ciliate or laciniate (not in Victoria) mouth; capsule ellipsoid or ovoid, 2–7-stratose, dehiscing by 4 valves; elaters bispiral or rarely unispiral (not in Victoria); spores globose, finely vermiculate or papillose (not in Victoria).