Isotachis
Usually terrestrial, rarely lithophytic or submerged (not in Victoria), dioicous. Stems erect to ascending, rarely prostrate (not in Victoria), irregularly and usually sparingly branched; branches emerging from main stem abaxial to lateral leaf with reduced number of lobes and without a collar of tissue at base, or emerging from near an unmodified underleaf and with a collar of tissue at base. Lateral leaves succubous (not in Victoria), transverse or incubous, distant to imbricate, 2–4-lobed, ovate to oblong or orbicular in outline, concave adaxially, entire, dentate or ciliate (not in Victoria). Underleaves similar in form and size to lateral leaves or smaller than lateral leaves, distant to imbricate. Leaf cells rectangular, oblong or elongate-hexagonal at base and centre, becoming isodiametric toward apex, verruculose to striolate, firm-walled, with or without trigones, with 2–3, rarely more (not in Victoria), granular-botryoidal globular, ovoid, ellipsoid or fusiform oil bodies. Rhizoids restricted to stem base or at the bases of underleaves throughout when stems prostrate (not in Victoria), hyaline. Sporophyte surrounded by cylindric to fusiform (not in Victoria) fleshy perigynium. Perianth reduced to a crown of cilia or teeth at apex of perigynium. Capsule cylindric. Spores smooth to faintly papillose.
Thirty-two species shared between South America, Mexico and the Caribbean, Tristan da Cunha, central and southern Africa, India to Japan and Malesia, New Zealand and south-east Australia; two species in Victoria.
Schuster, R.M. (2000). Austral Hepaticae Part I. Nova Hedwigia Beiheft 118. Cramer in der Gebrüder Borntraeger Verlagsbuchbehandlung: Berling & Stuttgart.
Söderström, L., Hagborg, A., von Konrat, M., Bartholomew-Began, S., Bell, D., Briscoe, L., Brown, E., Cargill, D.C., Costa, D.P., Crandall-Stotler, B.J., Cooper, E.D., Dauphin, G., Engel, J.J., Feldberg, K., Glenny, D., Gradstein, S.R., He, X., Heinrichs, J., Hentschel, J., Ilkiu-Borges, A.L., Katagiri, T., Konstantinova, N.A., Larraín, J., Long, D.G., Nebel, M., Pócs, T., Puche, F., Reiner-Drehwald, E., Renner, M.A.M., Sass-Gyarmati, A., Schäfer-Verwimp, A., Moragues, J.S., Stotler, R.E., Sukkharak, P., Thiers, B.M., Uribe, J., Váňa, J., Villarreal, J.C., Wigginton, M., Zhang, L. & Zhu, R. (2016). World checklist of hornworts and liverworts. Phytokeys 59: 1–828.
Spinning